Choyamba, kukula kwa galasi
1. Chiyambi cha galasi la China
Nthawi yowonekera kwa galasi yaku China nthawi zambiri imakhala mochedwa kuposa nthawi yomwe magalasi adziko lapansi amawonekera.
Makolo akale a ku China adapanga zoumba zakale kumapeto kwa Shang Dynasty, pafupifupi zaka 2,000 Mesopotamiya adagwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira galasi.Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, galasi loyambirira ku China lidawonekera m'chigawo cha Xinjiang.Pafunso loti galasi idapangidwa ku China, malingaliro ambiri ndikuti galasi lachi China lidatumizidwa koyamba kuchokera ku West Asia ndipo lidawonekera ku China ngati chinthu chamtengo wapatali.Lingaliro lakuti galasi lopangidwa kunyumba ku China liyenera kuonekera kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Warring States limachokera ku magalasi omwe anafukulidwa m'manda a Hunan ndi Hube.
Kale China, galasi ankatchedwanso liuli.M'nthawi ya Mzera wa Han, chifukwa cha kuitanitsa magalasi ambiri kuchokera ku chitukuko cha West Asia, chiwerengero cha magalasi opangira magalasi ku China chinachepetsedwa kapena kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zachilendo, ndipo chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ichi chinkayenda bwino mu Sui. ndi ma Tang Dynasties, pomwe magalasi ambiri owombedwa bwino amachitidwe achi China adabadwa.Mu Ufumu wa Nyimbo, zida za magalasi zambiri zidatumizidwa ku China kuchokera kumayiko achiarabu, ndipo zida zamagalasi zodzaza ndi miyambo yachilendo zidafalikira kulikonse kudziko la mama, ndikupanga chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha kuphatikiza kwa zikhalidwe zaku China ndi azungu.Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti ngakhale zida zagalasi zambiri zachilendo zidayambitsidwa ku China, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zida zamagalasi zakale zaku China ndi zida zamagalasi zapadziko lonse lapansi.Kuphatikiza pa kusiyana kwa kalembedwe, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa galasi lakale lachi China ndilopangidwa ndi galasi.Panthawiyo, galasi lalikulu ku West Asia chitukuko chinali zinthu za sodium-calcium silicate, pamene China idagwiritsa ntchito potassium oxide (yotengedwa kuchokera ku phulusa la zomera) monga kusungunuka, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu kwa galasi lakale lachi China ndi Western. galasi.
Chachiwiri, kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi
1.Modern galasi ntchito
Masiku ano, kugwiritsa ntchito magalasi ndikokulirapo.Galasi yamakono ikhoza kugawidwa kukhala galasi lathyathyathya ndi galasi lapadera.Galasi lathyathyathya limagawidwa m'magulu atatu: magalasi otsogola (ogawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ya poyambira / opanda poyambira), kujambula kwagalasi lathyathyathya ndi galasi loyandama.Magalasi amtunduwu ali ndi ntchito zawo m'makampani okongoletsa zomangamanga, mafakitale amagalimoto, zaluso komanso zankhondo.Malinga ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana, galasi ikhoza kugawidwa mu galasi la quartz, galasi la silika lalitali, galasi lotsogolera silicate, galasi la sodium calcium, galasi la aluminium silicate, galasi la borosilicate, galasi la potaziyamu ndi zina zotero.Magalasi amitundu yonse ali ndi ntchito zawo, monga galasi la sodium-calcium angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga galasi lathyathyathya, glassware ndi mababu;Magalasi a lead silicate amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chubu cha vacuum chifukwa cha kunyowa kwake kwachitsulo, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutsekereza cheza chifukwa lead imatha kutsekereza zinthu zotulutsa ma radio.Galasi ya Borosilicate ndiye chisankho choyamba chagalasi yoyesera mankhwala chifukwa champhamvu yake komanso kukana dzimbiri.
Chachitatu, tsogolo la galasi
1. Chiyembekezo chamtsogolo cha galasi laluso ndi galasi lokongoletsera
Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito magalasi amakono ndi galasi laluso ndi galasi lokongoletsera.Galasi wachotsa kufunafuna koyambirira kwa maunyolo othandiza, adayamba kukongoletsa chitukuko.Situdiyo yamagalasi itatha kuchuluka, zida zagalasi zowoneka bwino zidayamba kuwonekera, zoyikapo nyali zamagalasi, zokongoletsera zamagalasi, ziboliboli zamagalasi komanso ziboliboli zazikulu zamagalasi achikuda.Zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi magalasi ojambula ndi zazikulu ngati magalimoto, nyumba, ziboliboli zamaluwa, komanso zazing'ono ngati ma dials, mafelemu agalasi, ndi mafoni a m'manja.Galasi atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati miyala yokongoletsera m'malo mwa diamondi wokwera mtengo, ndipo “madiamondi” omwe amawonedwa pamiyala masiku ano amakhala makamaka miyala yamitundumitundu yopangidwa ndi galasi.
Pachitukuko chamtsogolo cha galasi laluso, ine ndekha ndikupereka zotsatirazi:
1. Galasi yojambula ndi galasi yokongoletsera iyenera kumvetsera kudzoza ndi kulenga, kumamatira ku mapangidwe apadera a kulenga, ndikubweretsa anthu phwando lowonekera.
2, konzani mawonekedwe a galasi laluso, chepetsani mtengo wokulitsa kutulutsa kwagalasi laluso.
3, pangani miyezo yamakampani, kuti galasi laluso likhale lokhazikika komanso lokhazikika, kupewa kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zina.
4, kupanga magalasi zojambulajambula ndi galasi zokongoletsera muukadaulo wapamwamba, kuti ukadaulo wopanga magalasi ukhale watsopano, ulimbikitse chitukuko cha mafakitale.
Magalasi opangidwa ndi magalasi opangidwa ndi zojambulajambula ndi magalasi okongoletsera ndi kukwaniritsa zofunikira za The Times, monga galasi lokongoletsera lokonzedwa ndi kuphatikiza ma cell a dzuwa okhala ndi makoma otchinga magalasi amitundu sangagwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati osa- khoma lonyamula katundu, komanso limagwira ntchito yokongoletsera, kupha mbalame ziwiri ndi mwala umodzi
2. Galasi Lapadera
Galasi yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazida, zankhondo, zamankhwala, zamagetsi, zamagetsi, zomanga ndi zina, aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe ake.Monga galasi lamoto (mphamvu coefficient ndi yaikulu, si yosavuta kuthyoka, ngakhale wosweka sangapange lakuthwa particles kuvulaza thupi la munthu), magalasi chitsanzo (opaque, nthawi zambiri ntchito m'malo amafuna opaque chithandizo, monga zimbudzi), waya galasi. (nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani omangamanga, osavuta kusweka akakhudzidwa), galasi lotsekereza (kuteteza mawu ndikwabwino), galasi lopanda zipolopolo (galasi lolimba kwambiri, galasi, ndi zina) Zingathe kutsika, kutsimikizira chitetezo) ndi zina zotero.
Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yatsopano ya magalasi opangidwa pophatikiza mankhwala osiyanasiyana amakhalanso ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito.Kuphatikiza magalasi apamwamba a silika omwe atchulidwa kale, galasi la lead silicate, galasi la sodium calcium, galasi la aluminium silicate, galasi la borosilicate, galasi la potaziyamu, ndi zina zotero, tsopano chidwi cha galasi latsopano ndi galasi lachitsulo.Galasi yachitsulo ndi mtundu wa zinthu za amorphous makamaka zopangidwa ndi zitsulo, ndipo palibe zolakwika za kristalo monga pamwamba, malo ndi mfundo.Ili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri monga kutsika kwambiri, kulimba kwambiri, kukana dzimbiri, kukana kukhudzidwa, kuzizira komanso kukana kutentha, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo ili ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito pakukula kwamafuta ndi gasi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-07-2023
